Task: Find two pairs of bits that can be joined to form words with opposite meanings.

Step 1: Join possible bit pairs to form real words

• EXP + AND = EXPAND
• RED + UCE = REDUCE

Step 2: Identify opposite meanings

EXPAND means to enlarge or increase.
REDUCE means to shrink or decrease.

Hence, these are antonyms.

✅ Final Answer:

• Pair 1: (5) EXP + (7) AND → EXPAND
• Pair 2: (9) RED + (2)

Statements Given:

• Rajesh will not go to the concert if Rakesh goes.
• Rakesh will go to the concert if his dog barks three times.

Logical Interpretation:

• If Rakesh goes → Rajesh will not go
• If Dog barks 3 times → Rakesh will go

Deduction:

If the dog barks three times, then Rakesh goes. And if Rakesh goes, Rajesh will not go.

✅ Final Answer: If the dog barks three times, Rajesh will not go to the concert.

Options:

• Years of experience
• Salary
• Highest education
• Age

Analysis:

• Years of experience, Salary, and Age are quantitative and dynamic — they change over time.
• Highest education is a qualitative and mostly static achievement — it rarely changes once completed.

✅ Odd One Out: Highest education

Reason: It is the only fixed qualification, while others vary over time.

Logical Puzzle: Cat Climbing a Pole

Problem:

A cat climbs a 21-meter pole. Every minute it climbs 3 meters but slips down 1 meter the next minute. How long will it take to reach the top?

Step-by-Step Analysis:

• Every 2 minutes, net climb = 3 - 1 = 2 meters
• In 20 minutes, the cat climbs 10 × 2 = 20 meters
• At the start of the 21st minute, the cat climbs 3 meters and reaches the top (21 meters) before it can slip.

✅ Final Answer: The cat will reach the top in 21 minutes.

Given: Foci are (4, 3) and (12, 5), and the ellipse passes through the origin (0, 0).

Step 1: Use ellipse definition

$PF_1 = \sqrt{(0 - 4)^2 + (0 - 3)^2} 

= \sqrt{25} 

= 5$

$PF_2 = \sqrt{(0 - 12)^2 + (0 - 5)^2} 

= \sqrt{169} 

= 13$

Total distance = $5 + 13 = 18 \Rightarrow 2a = 18 \Rightarrow a = 9$

Step 2: Distance between the foci

$2c = \sqrt{(12 - 4)^2 + (5 - 3)^2} = \sqrt{64 + 4} = \sqrt{68} \Rightarrow c = \sqrt{17}$

Step 3: Find eccentricity

$e = \dfrac{c}{a} = \dfrac{\sqrt{17}}{9}$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{\dfrac{\sqrt{17}}{9}}$

Sequencing Logic: Arrange the Process

Words Given:

1. Software
2. Code
3. Data
4. Analysis
5. Report

Logical Order:

3 → 1 → 2 → 4 → 5

Explanation:

• Data is the raw input.
• Software handles and organizes the data.
• Code processes the data within the software.
• Analysis is performed based on the processed data.
• Report

Given: A one-one function from set $\{1,2,3\}$ to set $\{a,b,c,d,e\}$

Step 1: One-one (injective) function means no two elements map to the same output.

We choose 3 different elements from 5 and assign them to 3 inputs in order.

So, total one-one functions = $P(5,3) = 5 \times 4 \times 3 = 60$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{60}$

Given: Volume of a parallelepiped formed by vectors $\vec{a}, \vec{b}, \vec{c}$ is 4 cubic units.

Vectors:

• $\vec{a} = m\hat{i} + \hat{j} + \hat{k}$
• $\vec{b} = \hat{i} - \hat{j} + \hat{k}$
• $\vec{c} = \hat{i} + 2\hat{j} - \hat{k}$

Step 1: Volume = $|\vec{a} \cdot (\vec{b} \times \vec{c})|$

First compute $\vec{b} \times \vec{c}$:

$\vec{b} \times \vec{c} = \begin{vmatrix} \hat{i} & \hat{j} & \hat{k} \\ 1 & -1 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 & -1 \end{vmatrix} = \hat{i}((-1)(-1) - (1)(2)) - \hat{j}((1)(-1) - (1)(1)) + \hat{k}((1)(2) - (-1)(1)) \\ = \hat{i}(1 - 2) - \hat{j}(-1 - 1) + \hat{k}(2 + 1) = -\hat{i} + 2\hat{j} + 3\hat{k}$

Step 2: Compute dot product with $\vec{a}$:

$\vec{a} \cdot (\vec{b} \times \vec{c}) = (m)(-1) + (1)(2) + (1)(3) = -m + 2 + 3 = -m + 5$

Step 3: Volume = $| -m + 5 | = 4$

So, $|-m + 5| = 4 \Rightarrow -m + 5 = \pm 4$

• Case 1: $-m + 5 = 4 \Rightarrow m = 1$
• Case 2: $-m + 5 = -4 \Rightarrow m = 9$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{m = 1 \text{ or } 9}$

Speed & Distance Problem: Car A vs Car B

Given:

• Car A speed = 60 km/h
• Car B speed = 80 km/h
• Time travelled = 1.5 hours

Calculations:

• Distance by Car A = 60 × 1.5 = 90 km
• Distance by Car B = 80 × 1.5 = 120 km

✅ Difference: 120 km – 90 km = 30 km

Given: Vectors:

• $\vec{a} = \lambda^2 \hat{i} + \hat{j} + \hat{k}$
• $\vec{b} = \hat{i} + \lambda^2 \hat{j} + \hat{k}$
• $\vec{c} = \hat{i} + \hat{j} + \lambda^2 \hat{k}$

Condition: Vectors are coplanar ⟹ Scalar triple product = 0

$\vec{a} \cdot (\vec{b} \times \vec{c}) = 0$

Step 1: Use determinant:

$\vec{a} \cdot (\vec{b} \times \vec{c}) = \begin{vmatrix} \lambda^2 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & \lambda^2 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & \lambda^2 \end{vmatrix}$

Step 2: Expand the determinant:

$= \lambda^2(\lambda^2 \cdot \lambda^2 - 1 \cdot 1) - 1(1 \cdot \lambda^2 - 1 \cdot 1) + 1(1 \cdot 1 - \lambda^2 \cdot 1) \\ = \lambda^2(\lambda^4 - 1) - (\lambda^2 - 1) + (1 - \lambda^2)$

Simplify:

$= \lambda^6 - \lambda^2 - \lambda^2 + 1 + 1 - \lambda^2 = \lambda^6 - 3\lambda^2 + 2$

Step 3: Set scalar triple product to 0:

$\lambda^6 - 3\lambda^2 + 2 = 0$

Step 4: Let $x = \lambda^2$, then:

$x^3 - 3x + 2 = 0$

Factor:

$x^3 - 3x + 2 = (x - 1)^2(x + 2)$

So, $\lambda^2 = 1$ (double root), or $\lambda^2 = -2$ (discard as it's not real)

Thus, real values of $\lambda$ are: $\lambda = \pm1$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{2}$ distinct real values

Profit & Discount Problem: Marked Price vs Cost Price

Given:

• Cash Discount = 20%
• Profit = 11.11% (i.e., 1/9 of Cost Price)

Step-by-Step:

• Assume Cost Price = ₹100
• Then Selling Price = ₹111.11
• SP = 80% of Marked Price ⇒ MP = (111.11 × 100) / 80 = ₹138.89
• Markup = ₹138.89 − ₹100 = ₹38.89

✅ Final Answer: The trader marks the goods 38.89% above the cost price.

Total bottles and boxes: 9 each, labeled 1 to 9.

We are asked to count permutations of bottles such that exactly 5 bottles go into their own numbered boxes.

Step 1: Choose 5 positions to be fixed points (i.e., bottle number matches box number).

Number of ways = $\binom{9}{5}$

Step 2: Remaining 4 positions must be a derangement (no bottle goes into its matching box).

Let $D_4$ be the number of derangements of 4 items.

$D_4 = 9$

Step 3: Total ways = $\binom{9}{5} \times D_4 = 126 \times 9 = 1134$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{1134}$

Logical Deduction: Syllogism Based Reasoning

Statements:

1. All students are intelligent.
2. No intelligent person is lazy.
3. Some lazy people are poor.

Conclusions:

1. ✅ No student is lazy. (Follows)
2. ✅ Some poor people are not intelligent. (Follows)
3. ❌ All poor people are lazy. (Does not follow)

✅ Final Answer: Only Conclusions 1 and 2 follow.

Given: Points: $P(1, 4)$, $Q(k, 3)$

Step 1: Find midpoint of PQ

Midpoint = $\left( \dfrac{1 + k}{2}, \dfrac{4 + 3}{2} \right) = \left( \dfrac{1 + k}{2}, \dfrac{7}{2} \right)$

Step 2: Find slope of PQ

Slope of PQ = $\dfrac{3 - 4}{k - 1} = \dfrac{-1}{k - 1}$

Step 3: Slope of perpendicular bisector = negative reciprocal = $k - 1$

Step 4: Use point-slope form for perpendicular bisector:

$y - \dfrac{7}{2} = (k - 1)\left(x - \dfrac{1 + k}{2}\right)$

Step 5: Find y-intercept (put $x = 0$)

$y = \dfrac{7}{2} + (k - 1)\left( -\dfrac{1 + k}{2} \right)$

$y = \dfrac{7}{2} - (k - 1)\left( \dfrac{1 + k}{2} \right)$

Given: y-intercept = -4, so:

$\dfrac{7}{2} - \dfrac{(k - 1)(k + 1)}{2} = -4$

Multiply both sides by 2:

$7 - (k^2 - 1) = -8 \Rightarrow 7 - k^2 + 1 = -8 \Rightarrow 8 - k^2 = -8$

$\Rightarrow k^2 = 16 \Rightarrow k = \pm4$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{k = -4 \text{ or } 4}$

Given:

$$x = 1 + 2^{1/6} + 4^{1/6} + 8^{1/6} + 16^{1/6} + 32^{1/6}$$

Step 1: Write in powers of $a = 2^{1/6}$

$$x = 1 + a + a^2 + a^3 + a^4 + a^5 = 1 + \frac{a(a^5 - 1)}{a - 1}$$

Step 2: Use identity $a^6 = 2 \Rightarrow a^5 = \frac{2}{a}$

$$x = 1 + \frac{2 - a}{a - 1} = \frac{1}{a - 1} \Rightarrow 1 + \frac{1}{x} = a \Rightarrow \left(1 + \frac{1}{x} \right)^{24} = a^{24}$$

Step 3: Final calculation

$$a = 2^{1/6} \Rightarrow a^{24} = (2^{1/6})^{24} = 2^4 = \boxed{16}$$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{16}$

Family Age Puzzle: Arjun's Birth Year

Given:

• Arjun is 25 years younger than his mother.
• His brother was born in 1964 and is 35 years younger than their mother.

Step-by-Step Solution:

• Mother’s birth year = 1964 − 35 = 1929
• Arjun’s birth year = 1929 + 25 = 1954

✅ Final Answer: Arjun was born in 1954.

Step 1: Recognize the series

The exponent is an infinite geometric series: $$1 + |\sin x| + |\sin x|^2 + |\sin x|^3 + \cdots$$

This is a geometric series with first term $a = 1$, common ratio $r = |\sin x| \in [0,1]$, so: $$\text{Sum} = \frac{1}{1 - |\sin x|}$$

Step 2: Rewrite the equation

$$5^{\frac{1}{1 - |\sin x|}} = 25 = 5^2$$

Equating exponents: $$\frac{1}{1 - |\sin x|} = 2 \Rightarrow 1 - |\sin x| = \frac{1}{2} \Rightarrow |\sin x| = \frac{1}{2}$$

Step 3: Solve for $x \in (-\pi, \pi)$

We want all $x \in (-\pi, \pi)$ such that $|\sin x| = \frac{1}{2}$

So $\sin x = \pm \frac{1}{2}$. Within $(-\pi, \pi)$, the values of $x$ satisfying this are:

• $x = \frac{\pi}{6}$
• $x = \frac{5\pi}{6}$
• $x = -\frac{\pi}{6}$
• $x = -\frac{5\pi}{6}$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{4}$ solutions

Code Language Puzzle: Decoding Words into Numbers

Rule: Letters are converted to their alphabetical positions and then reversed.

Example:

• HEART → H(8), E(5), A(1), R(18), T(20) → Reversed: T R A E H → 20 18 01 05 08
• LUNGS → L(12), U(21), N(14), G(7), S(19) → Reversed: S G N U L → 19 07 14 21 12

Now for BRAIN:

• B(2), R(18), A(1), I(9), N(14)
• Reversed: N I A R B → 14 09 01 18 02

✅ Final Answer: The last number is 02.

Given System of Equations:

• $x + 2y + 2z = 5$
• $x + 2y + 3z = 6$
• $x + 2y + \lambda z = \mu$

Goal: Find values of $\lambda$ and $\mu$ such that the system has infinitely many solutions

Step 1: Write Augmented Matrix

$[A|B] = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 2 & 5 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 & 6 \\ 1 & 2 & \lambda & \mu \end{bmatrix}$

Step 2: Row operations: Subtract $R_1$ from $R_2$ and $R_3$

$\Rightarrow \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 2 & 5 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & \lambda - 2 & \mu - 5 \end{bmatrix}$

Step 3: For infinitely many solutions, rank of coefficient matrix = rank of augmented matrix < number of variables (3)

This happens when the third row becomes all zeros:

$\lambda - 2 = 0 \quad \text{and} \quad \mu - 5 = 0$

$\Rightarrow \lambda = 2,\quad \mu = 5$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{\lambda = 2,\ \mu = 5}$

Step-by-step:

• First term: 2
• Last term: n
• Total numbers: n − 2 + 1 = n − 1
• Sum: (n − 1)/2 × (2 + n)
• Mean: Sum ÷ (n − 1) = (n + 2)/2

✅ Final Answer: The mean of numbers from 2 to n is (n + 2) / 2.

Given:

• Each team has between 5 and 15 players.
• Teams with more than 10 players wear reversible t-shirts.

Question: How many teams participated?

Problem: The question lacks essential data such as total players or number of reversible t-shirt teams. Without this, we cannot compute the number of teams.

✅ Final Answer: Cannot be determined from the given information.

Formula for work done:

$$W = |F| \cdot |D| \cdot \cos\theta$$

Given:

• $|F| = 40 \, \text{N}$
• $|D| = 3 \, \text{m}$
• $\theta = 60^\circ$

Step 1: Plug in the values:

$$W = 40 \cdot 3 \cdot \cos(60^\circ)$$

Step 2: Use $\cos(60^\circ) = \frac{1}{2}$

$$W = 40 \cdot 3 \cdot \frac{1}{2} = 60 \, \text{J}$$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{60 \, \text{J}}$

Word Puzzle: Mirror Image of a Game Name

Given Word: NABMODINT

Step 1: Rearranged into: BADMINTON

Step 2: Mirror image: NOTNIMDAB

Step 3: First and Last letters of mirror image: N and B

✅ Final Answer: First letter: N, Last letter: B

Total people: 9

Married couple: 2 specific people among them

Total ways to choose 5 people from 9:

$$\text{Total} = \binom{9}{5} = 126$$

✅ Case 1: Both are selected

We fix the married couple (2 people), then choose 3 more from remaining 7:

$$\binom{7}{3} = 35$$

✅ Case 2: Both are NOT selected

We remove both from the pool, then choose 5 from remaining 7:

$$\binom{7}{5} = \binom{7}{2} = 21$$

✅ Favorable outcomes:

$$\text{Favorable} = 35 + 21 = 56$$

✅ Probability:

$$\text{Required Probability} = \frac{56}{126} = \frac{28}{63} = \frac{4}{9}$$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{\dfrac{4}{9}}$

We are given:

$$\sin(4x) = \frac{1}{2}, \quad x \in (-9\pi,\ 3\pi)$$

Step 1: General solutions for $\sin(θ) = \frac{1}{2}$

$$θ = \frac{\pi}{6} + 2n\pi \quad \text{or} \quad θ = \frac{5\pi}{6} + 2n\pi$$

Let $θ = 4x$, so we get:

• $x = \frac{\pi}{24} + \frac{n\pi}{2}$
• $x = \frac{5\pi}{24} + \frac{n\pi}{2}$

✅ Step 2: Count how many such $x$ fall in the interval $(-9\pi, 3\pi)$

By checking all possible $n$ values, we find:

• For $x = \frac{\pi}{24} + \frac{n\pi}{2}$: 24 valid values
• For $x = \frac{5\pi}{24} + \frac{n\pi}{2}$: 24 valid values

? Total distinct values = 24 + 24 = 48

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{48}$

Percentage Puzzle: Exam Pass Analysis

Step-by-Step Breakdown:

• Assume total students = 100
• Passed in Half-Yearly = 60 students
• 70% of 60 passed in Annual = 42 students
• Failed in Half-Yearly = 40 students
• 80% of 40 passed in Annual = 32 students
• Total passed in Annual = 42 + 32 = 74 students

✅ Final Answer: 74% of the students passed the annual exam.

Given:

• Number of patients = 3
• Probability of recovery $p = 0.6$
• Probability of failure $q = 1 - p = 0.4$

We want: Probability that exactly 2 recover out of 3.

? Use Binomial Probability Formula:

$$P(X = r) = \binom{n}{r} p^r (1 - p)^{n - r}$$ where $n = 3, r = 2, p = 0.6$

? Calculation:

$$P(X = 2) = \binom{3}{2} (0.6)^2 (0.4)^1 = 3 \times 0.36 \times 0.4 = 0.432$$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{0.432}$

We are given:

$$\text{Evaluate } \tan\left(\frac{\pi}{4} + \theta\right) \cdot \tan\left(\frac{3\pi}{4} + \theta\right)$$

✳ Step 1: Use identity

$$\tan\left(A + B\right) = \frac{\tan A + \tan B}{1 - \tan A \tan B}$$ But we don’t need expansion — use known angle values:

$$\tan\left(\frac{\pi}{4} + \theta\right) = \frac{1 + \tan\theta}{1 - \tan\theta}$$

$$\tan\left(\frac{3\pi}{4} + \theta\right) = \frac{-1 + \tan\theta}{1 + \tan\theta}$$

✳ Step 2: Multiply

$$\left(\frac{1 + \tan\theta}{1 - \tan\theta}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{-1 + \tan\theta}{1 + \tan\theta}\right)$$

Simplify:

$$= \frac{(1 + \tan\theta)(-1 + \tan\theta)}{(1 - \tan\theta)(1 + \tan\theta)} = \frac{(\tan^2\theta - 1)}{1 - \tan^2\theta} = \boxed{-1}$$

✅ Final Answer:

$$\boxed{-1}$$

Given:

$$\sin x = \sin y \quad \text{and} \quad \cos x = \cos y$$

✳ Step 1: Use the identity for sine

$$\sin x = \sin y \Rightarrow x = y + 2n\pi \quad \text{or} \quad x = \pi - y + 2n\pi$$

✳ Step 2: Use the identity for cosine

$$\cos x = \cos y \Rightarrow x = y + 2m\pi \quad \text{or} \quad x = -y + 2m\pi$$

? Combine both conditions

For both $\sin x = \sin y$ and $\cos x = \cos y$ to be true, the only consistent solution is:

$$x = y + 2n\pi \Rightarrow x - y = 2n\pi$$

✅ Final Answer:

$$\boxed{x - y = 2n\pi \quad \text{for } n \in \mathbb{Z}}$$

Share Market Math: Net Profit with Brokerage

Buying:

• 100 shares at ₹50 each = ₹5,000
• Brokerage (2%) = ₹100
• Total Cost Price = ₹5,100

Selling:

• 100 shares at ₹55 each = ₹5,500
• Brokerage (2%) = ₹110
• Net Selling Price = ₹5,390

Profit:

• Profit = ₹5,390 − ₹5,100 = ₹290
• Profit % = (290 / 5100) × 100 ≈ 5.69%

✅ Final Answer: Net profit percentage is 5.69%

Calendar Puzzle: Meeting Days of Ramu and Samu

Given:

• Ramu visits Delhi every 15 days
• Samu visits Delhi every 20 days
• They last met 5 days ago

Step-by-Step:

• LCM of 15 and 20 = 60 days
• They meet every 60 days
• Last met 5 days ago ⇒ Next meeting in 60 - 5 = 55 days

✅ Final Answer: They will meet again after 55 days from today.

Calendar Puzzle: Day on 14th March 1992

Given: 30th September 1991 was a Wednesday

Step-by-Step Calculation:

• Total days from 30th Sept 1991 to 14th March 1992 = 166 days
• 166 ÷ 7 = 23 weeks + 5 extra days
• 5 days after Wednesday = Monday

✅ Final Answer: 14th March 1992 was a Monday

A speaks the truth in 40% of the cases and B in 50% of the cases.

What is the probability that they contradict each other while narrating an incident?

? Let’s Define:

• $P(A_T) = 0.4$ → A tells the truth
• $P(A_L) = 0.6$ → A lies
• $P(B_T) = 0.5$ → B tells the truth
• $P(B_L) = 0.5$ → B lies

? Contradiction happens in two cases:

• A tells the truth, B lies → $0.4 \times 0.5 = 0.2$
• A lies, B tells the truth → $0.6 \times 0.5 = 0.3$

Total probability of contradiction: $$P(\text{Contradiction}) = 0.2 + 0.3 = \boxed{0.5}$$

✅ Final Answer:

$$\boxed{\frac{1}{2}}$$

Statistics Puzzle: Variance under Linear Transformation

Given:

• Y = 10.5 + 2X
• Var(Y) = 100

Formula: If Y = a + bX, then Var(Y) = b² × Var(X)

Apply:

• 100 = 2² × Var(X)
• 100 = 4 × Var(X)
• Var(X) = 100 / 4 = 25

✅ Final Answer: The variance of the marks given by the first judge is 25.

A man starts at the origin $O$, walks 3 units in the north-east direction, then 4 units in the north-west direction to reach point $P$. Find the displacement vector $\vec{OP}$.

? Solution:

• North-East (45°): $$\vec{A} = 3 \cdot \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \right) = \left( \frac{3}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{3}{\sqrt{2}} \right)$$
• North-West (135°): $$\vec{B} = 4 \cdot \left( -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \right) = \left( -\frac{4}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{4}{\sqrt{2}} \right)$$
• Total Displacement: $$\vec{OP} = \vec{A} + \vec{B} = \left( \frac{-1}{\sqrt{2}}, \frac{7}{\sqrt{2}} \right)$$

✅ Final Answer:

$$\boxed{ \vec{OP} = \left( \frac{-1}{\sqrt{2}},\ \frac{7}{\sqrt{2}} \right) }$$

Find the smallest number which when divided by 9, 10, 15 and 20 leaves remainders 4, 5, 10 and 15 respectively.

✅ Solution:

Let the number be $x$.

• $x \equiv 4 \mod 9 \Rightarrow x - 4$ divisible by 9
• $x \equiv 5 \mod 10 \Rightarrow x - 5$ divisible by 10
• $x \equiv 10 \mod 15 \Rightarrow x - 10$ divisible by 15
• $x \equiv 15 \mod 20 \Rightarrow x - 15$ divisible by 20

So, $x + 5$ is divisible by LCM of 9, 10, 15, 20

LCM = $2^2 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 5 = 180$

$x + 5 = 180 \times 2 = 360 \Rightarrow x = 355$

? Final Answer: $\boxed{355}$

Logic Puzzle: Vehicle Allocation

Final Deduction:

• C is a lady doctor and does not travel with A and F.
• A and F (sisters) are in Creta.
• B (male engineer) and G (teacher) are in Swift.
• To maintain profession constraints, C must be in Nexon.

✅ Final Answer: C travels in Nexon.

Question: Find the value of:

$$\sum_{r=1}^{n} \frac{nP_r}{r!}$$

Solution:

We know: $nP_r = \frac{n!}{(n - r)!} \Rightarrow \frac{nP_r}{r!} = \frac{n!}{(n - r)! \cdot r!} = \binom{n}{r}$

Therefore,

$$\sum_{r=1}^{n} \frac{nP_r}{r!} = \sum_{r=1}^{n} \binom{n}{r} = 2^n - 1$$

Final Answer: $$\boxed{2^n - 1}$$

Given: Two events $A$ and $B$ defined on sample space $\Omega$. We are to find the probability:

$$P\left((A \cap B^c) \cup (A^c \cap B)\right)$$

Step 1: This is the probability of events that are in exactly one of A or B (but not both), i.e., symmetric difference of A and B:

$$(A \cap B^c) \cup (A^c \cap B) = A \Delta B$$

Step 2: So, we use:

$$P(A \Delta B) = P(A) + P(B) - 2P(A \cap B)$$

Final Answer:

$$\boxed{P(A) + P(B) - 2P(A \cap B)}$$

Given: $$x^2 + 2y^2 = 3 \text{ and } x > y \text{ with } x, y \in \mathbb{Z}$$

Solutions to the equation are: $$\{(1,1), (1,-1), (-1,1), (-1,-1)\}$$

Among them, only $(1, -1)$ satisfies $x > y$.

Answer: $$\boxed{1}$$

Given:
$$f\left(\frac{1 - x}{1 + x}\right) = x + 2$$

To Find: $f(1)$

Let $\frac{1 - x}{1 + x} = 1 \Rightarrow x = 0$

Then, $f(1) = f\left(\frac{1 - 0}{1 + 0}\right) = 0 + 2 = 2$

Answer: $$\boxed{2}$$

Given two sets:

• Set $A$ has median $m_1 = 2$
• Set $B$ has median $m_2 = 4$

What can we say about the median of the combined set $A \cup B$?

✅ Answer:

The combined median depends on the size and values of both sets.

Without that information, we only know that:

$$\text{Combined Median} \in [2, 4]$$

So, the exact median cannot be determined with the given data.

Logical Puzzle: Sum of 5 Arithmetic Integers

Given:

• Five different integers A, B, C, D, E in ascending order
• Common difference between adjacent integers = 8
• D is greatest, A is least
• B > E and B < C
• Sum = E

Let A = x, then:

• A = x
• E = x + 8
• B = x + 16
• C = x + 24
• D = x + 32

Total Sum = 5x + 80 = E = x + 8 → Solve:

5x + 80 = x + 8 ⇒ x = −18

Values: −18, −10, −2, 6, 14

✅ Final Answer: −10

Binary Division

Question: What is the quotient when 11010111 is divided by 101 in binary?

Step 1: Convert to decimal:

• 11010111 = 215
• 101 = 5

Step 2: Divide: 215 ÷ 5 = 43

Step 3: Convert 43 to binary = 101011

✅ Final Answer: 101011

Total outcomes = $2^8 = 256$

Favorable outcomes (odd heads):

• $\binom{8}{1} = 8$
• $\binom{8}{3} = 56$
• $\binom{8}{5} = 56$
• $\binom{8}{7} = 8$

Total favorable = $8 + 56 + 56 + 8 = 128$

So, Probability = $\frac{128}{256} = \boxed{\frac{1}{2}}$

? Final Answer: $\boxed{\frac{1}{2}}$

Given Function: $$f(x) = x^{2/3}(6 - x)^{1/3}$$

• f is increasing in (0, 4): ✅ True
• f has a point of inflection at x = 0: ✅ True
• f has a point of inflection at x = 6: ✅ True
• f is decreasing in (6, ∞): ❌ False (function not defined there)

Correct Answer (False Statement): $$\boxed{\text{f is decreasing in } (6, \infty)}$$

Data Transfer Interface in Computer Systems

Question: Which interface transfers data between memory and I/O peripheral without CPU involvement?

✅ Correct Answer: Direct Memory Access (DMA)

Why DMA?

• The CPU only initiates the process.
• The DMA controller directly transfers data between I/O and memory.
• Frees the CPU for other tasks, improving efficiency.

❌ Incorrect Options (if any): Programmed I/O, Interrupt-driven I/O – both require CPU involvement.

Evaluate: $$\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x - e^{-x} - 2x}{1 - \cos x}$$

Step 1: Apply L'Hôpital's Rule (since it's 0/0):

First derivative: $$\frac{e^x + e^{-x} - 2}{\sin x}$$

Still 0/0 → Apply L'Hôpital's Rule again: $$\frac{e^x - e^{-x}}{\cos x}$$

Now, $$\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1 - 1}{1} = 0$$

Final Answer: $$\boxed{0}$$

Computer Architecture: Role of Cache Memory

Question: Cache memory functions as an intermediary between?

✅ Correct Answer: CPU and Main Memory (RAM)

Explanation:

• CPU is very fast, but RAM is slower in comparison.
• Cache memory holds frequently accessed data closer to the CPU.
• This reduces data access time and improves overall system performance.

Hierarchy: CPU ↔ Cache ↔ Main Memory (RAM) ↔ Secondary Storage

TLB Tag Size Calculation

Given:

• Virtual Address = 32 bits
• Page Size = 4 KB = $2^{12}$ → Offset = 12 bits
• VPN = 32 − 12 = 20 bits
• TLB entries = 128, 4-way set associative → 32 sets

Set index bits: $\log_2(32) = 5 \text{ bits}$

TLB Tag = VPN − Set Index = 20 − 5 = 15 bits

✅ Final Answer: 15 bits

Problem:

If one Arithmetic Mean (AM) $a$ and two Geometric Means $p$ and $q$ are inserted between any two positive numbers, find the value of: $$p^3 + q^3$$

Given:

• Let two positive numbers be $A$ and $B$.
• One AM: $a = \frac{A + B}{2}$
• Two GMs inserted: so the four terms in G.P. are: $$A, \ p = \sqrt[3]{A^2B}, \ q = \sqrt[3]{AB^2}, \ B$$

Now calculate:

$$pq = \sqrt[3]{A^2B} \cdot \sqrt[3]{AB^2} = \sqrt[3]{A^3B^3} = AB$$
$$p^3 = A^2B, \quad q^3 = AB^2$$
$$p^3 + q^3 = A^2B + AB^2 = AB(A + B)$$

Also,

$$2apq = 2 \cdot \frac{A + B}{2} \cdot AB = AB(A + B)$$

✅ Therefore,

$\boxed{p^3 + q^3 = 2apq}$

Boolean Simplification

Given Expression: P + QR

We ask: This is the simplified (reduced) form of which expression?

Try expanding: (P + Q)(P + R)

Using distributive law:

(P + Q)(P + R) = P(P + R) + Q(P + R) = P + PR + PQ + QR = P + PQ + PR + QR = P + QR (since P absorbs PQ and PR)

✅ Final Answer: (P + Q)(P + R)

Rule for Classifying Conics Using Discriminant

Given the equation: $Ax^2 + Bxy + Cy^2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0$

Compute: $\Delta = B^2 - 4AC$

? Based on value of $\Delta$:

• Ellipse: $\Delta < 0$ and $A \ne C$, $B \ne 0$ → tilted ellipse
• Circle: $\Delta < 0$ and $A = C$, $B = 0$
• Parabola: $\Delta = 0$
• Hyperbola: $\Delta > 0$

Example:

For the equation: $3x^2 + 10xy + 11y^2 + 14x + 12y + 5 = 0$

$A = 3$, $B = 10$, $C = 11$ →
$\Delta = 10^2 - 4(3)(11) = 100 - 132 = -32$

Since $\Delta < 0$, it represents an ellipse.

Computer Architecture: Purpose of Cache Memory

Question: What is the primary purpose of cache memory in a computer system?

✅ Correct Answer: To increase the speed of data access by storing frequently used data closer to the CPU

Explanation:

• Cache memory is much faster than main memory (RAM).
• It holds frequently accessed data and instructions.
• Helps reduce CPU waiting time and improves performance.

Hierarchy: CPU → Cache → RAM → Storage

Given:

Points: $A = (1, \frac{1}{2})$, $B = (3, -\frac{1}{2})$

Line: $2x + 3y = k$

Step 1: Evaluate $2x + 3y$

For A: $2(1) + 3\left(\frac{1}{2}\right) = \frac{7}{2}$
For B: $2(3) + 3\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right) = \frac{9}{2}$

✅ Option-wise Check:

• In between the lines $2x + 3y = -6$ and $2x + 3y = 6$: ✔️ True since $\frac{7}{2}, \frac{9}{2} \in (-6, 6)$
• On the same side of $2x + 3y = 6$: ✔️ True, both values are less than 6
• On the same side of $2x + 3y = -6$: ✔️ True, both values are greater than -6
• On the opposite side of $2x + 3y = -6$: ❌ False, both are on the same side

✅ Final Answer:

The correct statements are:

1. In between the lines $2x + 3y = -6$ and $2x + 3y = 6$
2. On the same side of the line $2x + 3y = 6$
3. On the same side of the line $2x + 3y = -6$

Detailed Register Allocation Analysis

Objective: Determine the minimum number of registers needed to execute the program without spilling.

Live Range Analysis:

• a: Line 1 → 4
• b: Line 6 → 7
• c: Line 3 → 6
• d: Line 8 → 9
• e: Line 7 → 8
• f: Line 5 → 9

Max live variables: 3 (after lines 6 and 7)

✅ Final Answer: 3 registers are required to execute the program without spilling.

Work Done Problem:

A crate is pulled 25 m along a dock with a force of 180 N at an angle of 45°.

✅ Formula Used:

$$\text{Work} = F \cdot d \cdot \cos(\theta)$$

✅ Substituting Values:

$$W = 180 \times 25 \times \cos(45^\circ) = 180 \times 25 \times 0.70710678118 = 3181.98052\, \text{J}$$

✅ Final Answer (to 5 decimal places):

$$\boxed{3.181\times 10^3 \, \text{Joules}}$$

Basic Computer Knowledge: Smallest Unit of Data

Question: Which of the following is the smallest unit of data in a computer?

✅ Correct Answer: Bit (Binary Digit)

Explanation:

• A bit is the most fundamental unit of data in computing.
• It represents a binary value: 0 or 1.
• All other units (Byte, Kilobyte, etc.) are multiples of bits.

Common Units of Data:

• 1 Bit = Smallest unit
• 1 Byte = 8 Bits
• 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 Bytes
• 1 Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB

? Note: Every piece of data in a computer—from text and images to video and sound—ultimately breaks down into bits.

Vector Field:

$$\vec{A} = (2x + 1)\hat{i} + (x^2 - 6y)\hat{j} + (xy^2 + 3z)\hat{k}$$

Divergence:

$$\nabla \cdot \vec{A} = 2 - 6 + 3 = -1 \neq 0$$

Not solenoidal ❌

Curl:

$$\nabla \times \vec{A} = (2xy)\hat{i} - (y^2)\hat{j} + (2x)\hat{k} \neq \vec{0}$$

Not conservative ❌

Final Answer:

$\vec{A}$ is neither conservative nor solenoidal.

Vector Sink Field Analysis

Given vector field:

$$\vec{A} = (2x + 1)\hat{i} + (x^2 - 6y)\hat{j} + (xy^2 + 3z)\hat{k}$$

Divergence:

$$\nabla \cdot \vec{A} = 2 - 6 + 3 = -1$$

✅ Conclusion:

The divergence is negative at every point, so $\vec{A}$ is a sink field.

2's Complement Addition (4-bit)

Given: 1101 and 0100 (in 2’s complement)

Step-by-step:

• 1101 = −3 (in decimal)
• 0100 = +4 (in decimal)
• Sum = −3 + 4 = +1
• +1 in 4-bit 2’s complement = 0001

✅ Final Answer: 0001

Probability that $r > s$ in Region $R$

Given: $R = \{ (x, y) \in \mathbb{R}^2 \mid x^2 + y^2 < 4 \}$ in the first quadrant

Area of region $R$ in first quadrant: $$A = \frac{1}{4} \pi (2)^2 = \pi$$

Region where $r > s$ (i.e., below line $x = y$) occupies half of that quarter-circle: $$A_{\text{favorable}} = \frac{1}{2} \pi$$

Therefore, the required probability is:

$$\text{Probability} = \frac{\frac{1}{2} \pi}{\pi} = \boxed{\frac{1}{2}}$$

Memory Chip Calculation

Given:

• RAM chip size = 4K × 8-bit = 4096 bytes = 4 KB
• Required memory = 64 KB = 65536 bytes

Calculation:

Total chips needed = 65536 / 4096 = 16 chips

✅ Final Answer: 16 RAM chips are needed to build 64 KB of memory.

Total Number of Intersection Points

Given:

• 10 distinct lines: $L_1, L_2, \ldots, L_{10}$
• $L_2, L_4, L_6, L_8, L_{10}$: parallel (no intersections among them)
• $L_1, L_3, L_5, L_7, L_9$: concurrent at point $C$ (intersect at one point)

? Calculation:

$$\text{Total line pairs: } \binom{10}{2} = 45$$

$$\text{Subtract parallel pairs: } \binom{5}{2} = 10 \Rightarrow 45 - 10 = 35$$

$$\text{Concurrent at one point: reduce } 10 \text{ pairs to 1 point} \Rightarrow 35 - 9 = \boxed{26}$$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{26}$ unique points of intersection

2's Complement Addition (8-bit)

Given:

• A = 11111111 → (−1)
• B = 11111111 → (−1)

Sum: −1 + (−1) = −2

Convert −2 to 8-bit 2's complement:

• +2 = 00000010
• Invert = 11111101
• Add 1 = 11111110

✅ Final Answer: 11111110

Problem:

The line $$a^2x + ay + 1 = 0$$ is normal to the curve $$xy = 1$$ . Find possible values of $a \in \mathbb{R}$.

Step 1: Slope of Line

Rewrite: $$y = -a x - \frac{1}{a}$$ → slope = $-a$

Step 2: Curve Derivative

$$xy = 1 \Rightarrow \frac{dy}{dx} = -\frac{y}{x}$$ Slope of normal = $\frac{x}{y}$

Match Slopes

$$-a = \frac{x}{y} \Rightarrow x = -a y$$

Plug into Curve

$$xy = 1 \Rightarrow (-a y)(y) = 1 \Rightarrow y^2 = -\frac{1}{a}$$

For real $y$, we need $a < 0$

✅ Final Answer:

$$\boxed{a < 0}$$

? Maximum Students Passing All Three Exams

Given:

• Total students = 50
• $|M| = 37$, $|P| = 24$, $|C| = 43$
• $|M \cap P| \leq 19$, $|M \cap C| \leq 29$, $|P \cap C| \leq 20$

We use the inclusion-exclusion principle:

$$|M \cup P \cup C| = |M| + |P| + |C| - |M \cap P| - |M \cap C| - |P \cap C| + |M \cap P \cap C|$$

Let $x = |M \cap P \cap C|$. Then:

$$50 \geq 37 + 24 + 43 - 19 - 29 - 20 + x \Rightarrow 50 \geq 36 + x \Rightarrow x \leq 14$$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{14}$

Custom Number System: Position of 10A

Given digits: 0, 1, A (base-3)

Convert 10A to base-10:

• 1 → 1
• 0 → 0
• A → 2
• 10A = 1×9 + 0×3 + 2 = 11

List of numbers in sequence:

1. 00
2. 01
3. 0A
4. 10
5. 11
6. 1A
7. A0
8. A1
9. AA
10. 100
11. 101
12. 10A

✅ Final Answer: 12

Analysis of Continuity and Differentiability

Function:

$$f(x) = \begin{cases} \dfrac{x}{e^{\pi x} - 1}, & x \neq 0 \\ \dfrac{1}{\pi}, & x = 0 \end{cases}$$

✅ Continuity at $x = 0$:

$$\lim_{x \to 0} f(x) = \frac{1}{\pi} = f(0) \quad \Rightarrow \quad \text{Function is continuous at } x = 0$$

✏️ Differentiability at $x = 0$:

$$f'(0) = \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(h) - f(0)}{h} = -\frac{1}{2}$$

✅ Final Result:

• Function is continuous at $x = 0$
• Function is differentiable at $x = 0$
• $f'(0) = \boxed{-\frac{1}{2}}$

Instruction Formation in CPU Processing

Question: Which of the following is not a part of instruction formation?

Options:

• Opcode
• Register file
• Source operand
• Destination operand

✅ Correct Answer: Register File

Explanation:

• Opcode, Source operand, Destination operand — all are part of the instruction format.
• Register File — a hardware structure that stores registers, but it is not encoded into the instruction.

? Function with Greatest Integer and Cosine

Given:

$$f(x) = \cos\left([\pi^2]x\right) + \cos\left([-\pi^2]x\right)$$

Find: $$f\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right)$$

Step 1: Estimate Floor Values

$$\pi^2 \approx 9.8696 \Rightarrow [\pi^2] = 9,\quad [-\pi^2] = -10$$

Step 2: Plug into the Function

$$f\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right) = \cos\left(9 \cdot \frac{\pi}{2}\right) + \cos\left(-10 \cdot \frac{\pi}{2}\right) = \cos\left(\frac{9\pi}{2}\right) + \cos(-5\pi)$$

Step 3: Simplify

$$\cos\left(\frac{9\pi}{2}\right) = 0,\quad \cos(-5\pi) = -1$$

✅ Final Answer:

$$\boxed{-1}$$

✔️ Verified Probability

Total numbers divisible by 6 from 1 to 100: 16

$$\binom{100}{3} = 161700, \quad \binom{16}{3} = 560$$

Probability: $$\frac{560}{161700} = \frac{4}{1155}$$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{\frac{4}{1155}}$

Mean, Median, and Mode Relation

Given:

• Mean = 1
• Median = $3^x$
• Mode = $9^x$

Use empirical formula:

$$\text{Mode} = 3 \cdot \text{Median} - 2 \cdot \text{Mean}$$

$$9^x = 3 \cdot 3^x - 2 \Rightarrow (3^x)^2 = 3 \cdot 3^x - 2$$

Let $y = 3^x$, then:

$$y^2 = 3y - 2 \Rightarrow y^2 - 3y + 2 = 0 \Rightarrow (y - 1)(y - 2) = 0$$

So, $y = 1 \text{ or } 2 \Rightarrow 9^x = y^2 = 1 \text{ or } 4$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{1 \text{ or } 4}$

Given the infinite series:

$$S = \frac{2}{3!} + \frac{4}{5!} + \frac{6}{7!} + \cdots = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{2n}{(2n+1)!}$$

This is a known convergent series, and its sum is:

$$\boxed{e^{-1}}$$

✅ Final Answer: $\boxed{e^{-1}}$

Binary to Decimal: 2's Complement Conversion

Given binary numbers:

• 11001 (5-bit)
• 1001 (4-bit)
• 111001 (6-bit)

Step-by-step (2's complement):

• Each starts with 1 → negative number
• Convert by inverting and adding 1
• All result in binary 0111 → decimal 7
• So final value = −7

✅ Final Answer: Each binary number corresponds to the decimal number −7.